Selasa, 21 Mei 2013

summary discourse analysis

Summary
The text according to Crystal (1997), Knapp & Watkins (2009), Jan Ifversen, MAK Halliday, Cornish (2008), de Beaugrande & Dressler, 1983, p. 3, it can be concluded that the text is a linguistic principles governing the structure of the text, every action completed communication, which is a unit of semantic meaning of a particular entity that contains the sequence of words (other units are morphemes, leksem, syntagma and sentences) that make it 'internally cohesive 'and act' as a whole as the relevant environment for the operation of theme and information systems, and linked from the signs of verbal and non-verbal signals in which the discourse is co-constructed by the discourse partners in the act of communication
Meaningfulness of the text does not depend on the size of their linguistic but communicative events based on standards of textuality.

Standard textuality:
1. Cohesion concerns the ways in which the components of the surface text, the actual words we hear or see, interconnected in sequence.
2. Coherence concerns the ways in which the components of the textual world, ie the configuration of concepts and relationships that underlie the surface text, mutually accessible and relevant "Coherence is the result of cognitive processes among users of text.
3. Intentionality in attitude that the set of event producer texts should be cohesive and coherent text instrumental in fulfilling the producer's intentions, for example, to distribute knowledge or to achieve the goals set in the plan.
4. Acceptability of the attitude of the text that the recipient must be a set of events in a cohesive and coherent text having some use or relevance to the recipient, for example, to acquire knowledge or provide cooperation in the plan.
5. Iformativity and concerns the extent of occurrence of the text presented expected vs. unexpected or known vs. unknown / specific.
6. situationality and concerns the factors that make the text relevant to the circumstances of the incident.
7. Intertextuality and concerns the factors that make the use of the text depends on the knowledge of one or more previously encountered texts.
The definition discourse by Candlin (1997) is a discourse refers to the language used is spoken or written language in a social context, discourse involves the use of spoken, written and signed language and multimodal / multimedia forms of communication, and is not limited to 'non-fiction' ( eg style) or verbal (eg movement and visual) materials.


Discourse can range from silence, to single words (such as "ok"), for a novel, a newspaper article or a conversation set.

TEXT AND DISCOURSE
• ‘Meaning’ doesn’t lie completely ‘within’ the text, it has to be constructed by the addressee or reader (and the speaker/writer!) via the text in conjunction with an appropriate context.
• discourse is a (re-)constructive, and so highly probabilistic matter: from the addressee’s or the reader’s point of view, it is in no sense a question of simply decoding the text in order to arrive at the complete message intended by the speaker/writer.
CATEGORIES OF DISCOURSE
1) Anything beyond the sentence
2) Language use
3) A broader range of social practice that includes non-linguistic and non-specific instances of language
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Discourse Analysis is a term used to describe a range of research approaches that focus on the use of language
Characteristics of discourse studies :
• concerned with language use in social contexts
• essentially multidisciplinary
• Discourse Analysis = Doing Analysis


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